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USD

美元或在“蓝色浪潮”中沉沦

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
14 Oct 2020
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距离11月3日的美国大选还有不到三周的时间,拜登近来进一步巩固了他的领先优势,“蓝色浪潮”离我们越来越近,而美元指数则处于回调趋势之中。

RealClearPolitics的统计显示,拜登的民调领先幅度再次回升到10个百分点。有人可能会指出,美国的选举人团制度导致全民调并不能反映真实的选情。这点并没有错,但如果抛开两位候选人的基本盘(拜登的基本盘还是领先特朗普),拜登在关键摇摆州的民调依然领先且小幅扩大,而得关键州者得大选。

除了总统宝座的角逐,参议院的改选形势同样对民主党有利。因此“蓝色浪潮”(民主党同时控制白宫和参众两院)的可能性正变得越来越高。

一旦民主党大权在握,有望迅速在国会通过大规模的财政刺激方案,总金额最高可达3.5万亿美元,与3月份的关怀法案(HEROES Act)类似。其中部分资金来源于拜登所主张的增加企业税率至28%。

大规模的刺激方案无疑会加重财政负担。根据美国预算办公室的估计,2020年的赤字将达到GDP的16%,这将是1945年以来的最大赤字,联邦债务预计将达到GDP的98%,而这一水平在2021年将超过100%。虽然其他国家的赤字水平同样急速扩张,但和美国相比幅度要小的多。美国国内的储蓄无法负担起如此庞大的财政开支,而国际资本(如中国)正在减少美国国债的仓位。财政赤字的激增势必利空美元的长期走势。

3万亿以上的刺激方案带来的另一个问题是通胀。在方案通过之初可能会极大的刺激市场中的通胀预期,投资者随即抛售债券从而推高名义收益率,在短期内对美元形成一定利好。但千万不要忘了美联储的存在。

美联储始终强调长时间维持低利率和宽松的信贷环境,因此面对升高的收益率,美联储可能会采取类似澳洲和日本央行那样的收益率曲线控制措施(YCC),人为将相应年限的债券收益率固定在某一水平,并提高整体债券组合的久期。在这种情况下,我们可能看到名义利率被锁定在低位,而预期通胀率则在大规模刺激计划的影响下攀升。其结果自然就是实际利率在负值区域不断下探,从而对美元构成拖累。美元指数(USDX)在测试9月低点91.72后可能最终跌向90一线。

与民调、博彩公司和预测模型的结果一致,高盛近日也指出蓝色浪潮的可能性高达60%。除了总统大选的结果,任何新冠疫苗的进展同样将利空于避险美元。

当然,我们也不能排除特朗普2.0甚至出现大选争议的局面。如果大选结果仍旧是分裂的国会,那对美元产生的影响将更为复杂。而一旦大选结果延迟或者存在争议甚至上诉至最高法院,避险情绪会推升美元指数,同时打压风险资产。

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