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关于2021年的一些思考

Jerry Chen
Jerry Chen
Research Strategist
16 Dec 2020
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魔幻的2020年已经接近尾声,但它给我们的生活带来的深刻影响和改变注定将长期存在。而作为金融市场的参与者,我们同样有幸在今年见证了历史。

今年全球股市以最快的速度暴跌又暴涨、黄金和比特币刷新历史新高、原油期货价格首次跌入负值、美股连续触发熔断...

对很多投资者来说,2020堪称难得的投资机遇。随着疫苗的出炉以及全球经济的逐步重启,新的一年又有哪些机遇呢?首先,我们先从宏观层面来思考以下几个问题。

通胀 vs 通缩

关于2021,最为核心的问题莫过于通缩和通胀之争了。

下图显示的是美国的预期通胀率。不论是5年期还是10年的数值都已经高于疫情前期的水平,暗示随着经济的重启以及产能的恢复,通胀水平在2021有望跟随各国的名义GDP一起同步走高。

来源:Bloomberg

美元是最为关键的参考指标。目前市场已经对美元的走势形成了共识,即中长期将继续走弱。缺乏避险买盘支撑、美联储的长期低利率政策、潜在的财政刺激方案、贸易和财政双赤字的加剧,都将对美元形成压力。机构所持有的美元空头仓位也呼应了投资者的判断。另外,欧洲经济的周期性复苏在提振欧元的同时也将打压美元。美元的弱势是货币政策效果的体现,也是推升通胀的必经之路。

其他货币方面,机构对明年四季度欧元的预测区间为1.15至1.28。澳元的强势表现也得到了共识,华尔街预计明四季度前澳元触及0.78,预测区间为0.68-0.81。若美元兑离岸人民币继续下挫,对澳元的提振效果将更为明显。

另外,目前高盛编制的美国金融状况指数已经创下了历史新低。该指数由一系列宏观经济指标组成,如利率、信贷息差、股票价格、汇率水平等。数值越低代表金融市场的压力越小。宽松的环境鼓励了企业和消费者的借贷和支出,有利于短期内的经济增长,也刺激了股市频创新高。

高盛美国金融状况指数 来源:Bloomberg

只要美国的金融状况继续保持宽松,美联储就会对较高的收益率持开放态度。明年四季度10年期美债的收益率预计将达到1.23%。

实际利率如何运行

虽然名义利率可能在明年显著走高,但若预期通胀率同样快速攀升,则美国的实际利率将继续维持在负值区域。这对股市来说是绝对的利好。

其中价值股和周期股可能最大程度受益于经济周期性的复苏。银行股有望成为通胀率上升的直接受益者,因此做多XLF(金融类ETF)同时做空SPY(标普500的ETF)是不错的策略。

XLF/SPY 来源:Bloomberg

另外,如果新兴市场国家能从美元的疲软中充分获益,也可以考虑做多EEM(追踪新兴市场国家的ETF)的同时做空SPY。现在,您能在Pepperstone的MT5平台上交易上述产品。

除非我们看到实际利率大幅上涨带动美元走强,否则黄金明年有望再次冲击2000美元大关。也正因为此,持有黄金股也是一个不错的选择,既能受益于金价的上涨,又能获得股息的收益。

加密货币已经展现出取代黄金成为主流避险资产的潜力,虽然这还需要一定的时间,但机构投资者显然已经提高了加密货币在投资组合中的比例。随着其支付功能的完善以及相关ETF的出炉,如果比特币等虚拟货币明年再创新高将不会令人感到意外。此外,各国央行的数字货币和区块链技术毫无疑问将在我们的日常生活中扮演更重要的角色。

量化宽松何时谢幕

如果通胀率抬头且实际利率长期低位运行,那全球央行该何时退出史无前例的量化宽松政策将成为明年市场关注的焦点。美联储何时开始缩表?目前的预测是不会早于2021年下半年。美联储可能在12月或者明年的会议上就何时退出量化宽松做出更明确的表述。无论如何,为了避免造成金融状况的急剧收紧,美联储一定会在退出的时机选择上格外的谨慎。

上述是对2021年宏观层面的展望。如果您也正在构建2021年的宏观分析框架并打算以此为基础进行交易,希望对您有所帮助。当然,您可能会持有不同的观点,我们非常欢迎您的留言和分享。如果上述的猜想都正确的话,2021势必成为又一个令人难忘的年份。


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